文法テキスト

五文型
1. Mother doesn't go to market in the morning.
2. Keeping early hours is good for health.
3. Human beings have asked many questions about humanity.
4. Please tell me what you have in mind.
5. Good music always makes me happy.
第1文型
1. My son can swim.
2. My son can swim very well.
3. Your key is on the table.
4. Your key was left on the table.
5. There are three books on the desk.
6. There once lived in Rome a very brave man named Caesar.
第2文型（補語の考え方）
1. This is an apple.
2. The apple is delicious.
3. She became a flight attendant.
4. He looked sad.
5. The flower smelled sweet.
6. The dish tastes good.
7. She seemed angry with me.
8. The leaves turned yellow in autumn.
「前置詞＋α」の扱い
1. The shop opens at nine. （時／副詞句）
2. People in those days were very poor. （時／形容詞句）
3. There were few people in the room. （場所／副詞句）
4. The students in the classroom were all surprised. （場所／形容詞句）
5. Many students are at desk. （状態／形容詞句）
6. That problem seemed of no importance to me. （of + 抽象名詞→形容詞句）
第2文型か第3文型か（自動詞と他動詞）
1. Please stand by the window.
2. He was standing still for a long time.
3. How did you stand the egg on end?
一見、複雑に見えても……（句と節）
1. I have become as tall as my father.
2. Math is becoming so difficult that I need extra help.
【練習】文の要素を指摘し、文型を答えよ。
1. She looks young for her age.
2. He seems tired.
3. The trouble with you is that you always come late.
4. The fact is that I don't want to go.
5. The whole village lay covered with snow.
6. She turned pale at the sight of him.
7. The microwave oven bought by my mother ten years ago still works well.
8. "Dad, what did you become first after you graduated from high school?"
第4文型（第3文型への書き換え）
1. I gave her a present. → I gave a present (　　) her.
2. I made my son a desk. → I made a desk (　　) my son.
3. （難） I ask you a favor. → I ask a favor (　　) you.
第5文型
1. I made my son a doctor.
2. I thought the puzzle very difficult.
findの問題（第4文型か第5文型か）
1. I found the interesting books at that bookstore.
2. I found the books very interesting.
3. I often found her at desk.
ifの問題（「副詞節中の未来」の扱いにも注意）
1. If it rains tomorrow, we will not go on a picnic.
2. Who knows if it will rain tomorrow?
【練習】文の要素を指摘し、文型を答えよ。
1. She married a scholar.
2. She got married to a businessman.
3. We discussed the matter over a cup of coffee.
4. Your help saved me a lot of trouble.
5. Could you spare me a few minutes?
6. Too much exercise will do you more harm than good.
7. She will make him a good wife.
8. She asked me some questions. → She asked some questions (　　) me.
9. They elected him chairman of the committee.
10. What do you call this plant in English?
11. Let's paint the wall white, shall we?
12. I would like my coffee thin.
13. The mere sight of him makes me angry.
14. The mere thought of war makes me shudder.
【練習】正しいほうを選べ。
1. History [ repeats / repeats itself ].
2. We [ discussed / discussed about ] the matter.
3. My cousin [ attends / attends to ] Tokyo University.
4. The book [ lay / laid ] on the floor where he had thrown it.
5. I took my bathing suit, [ put it on / wore it ] and went for a swim.
6. My brother [ married / married with ] his friend's sister.
7. My brother [ got married to / got married with ] his friend's sister.
8. Have you [ heard / heard of ] the rumor?
主語・目的語・補語の研究（名詞相当語句）
1. Playing outdoors is a lot of fun. （動名詞）
2. My hobby is collecting old coins.
3. To learn step by step is the best way. （不定詞の名詞的用法）
4. I want to go somewhere else.
5. He asked me whether I would attend the meeting. （間接疑問文）
  She asked me what I had in mind.
6. I asked him what to do next. （疑問詞 + to-inf.）
仮主語・仮目的語
1. It is better for you to eat nothing before going to bed.
2. It was surprising that she learned so many poems by heart.
3. Technology makes it easier to communicate with others.
4. I think it natural that the students should study.
5. It is still uncertain whether he will come or not.
6. I didn't know what it was like to live in poverty.
7. It takes half an hour to walk to the shop. （「時間がかかる」構文）
8. It will cost more than 10,000 yen to have dinner at the restaurant. （「お金がかかる」構文）
【参考】強調構文
- I bought these shoes in Italy.
  → It was these shoes that I bought in Italy.
  →It was in Italy that I bought these shoes.
  →It was I that bought these shoes in Italy.
It is 〜 for … と It is 〜 of …
1. It is difficult for the elderly to learn anything by heart.
2. It is very kind of you to take the trouble to come all the way to meet me.
知覚動詞を使う構文（第5文型）
1. I saw him walk across the street.
2. I saw him walking across the street.
3. I saw a boy knocked down by a car.
4. I heard her sing the song very well.
5. I heard somebody calling my name.
6. I heard my name called.
使役動詞を使う構文（第5文型）
1. Mother made me clean my room.
2. I will let you go when you have finished your task.
3. I had her design my new house.
使役系構文の研究（第5文型）
1. Don't leave the door open.
2. Don't leave your work unfinished.
3. Who has left the water running?
4. Can you make yourself understood in English?
5. I couldn't make myself heard above the noise.
6. Don't have your children playing in the street.
7. I got my son to do his homework before supper. （get + O + to-inf.）
8. A reckless diet caused her to get sick. （cause + O + to-inf.）
9. I had my work finished in an hour. （have + O + p.p.）
  I had my camera stolen while I was asleep.
  We had our picture taken with the statue in the back.
不定詞がCになる構文（第5文型）
1. I want you to leave this room at once.
2. I would like you to attend the meeting for me.
3. He told me to call him as soon as I arrived at the station.
4. She asked him not to interfere with her work.
5. The doctor advised him to give up smoking for his health.
6. I expect him to be back by noon.
動詞の研究（現在時制）
1. My grandparents live in Kyoto. （状態）
  Tall buildings stand along the main street.
  That store deals in shoes.
2. He brushes his teeth after each meal. （習慣）
3. The earth goes round the sun. （不変の真理）
4. "If you want a thing done well, do it yourself," says Napoleon. （歴史的現在）
動詞の研究（現在進行形）
1. "What are you doing?" "I'm preparing for tomorrow's exam."
2. Those boys are being scolded.
3. Many countries in Southeast Asia are developing in economy.
4. I'm leaving. （往来発着の動詞）
  He is coming here.
動詞の研究（未来時制）
1. The game will be called off if it rains tomorrow.
2. I will give you all the money I have.
3. Shall I have him call you back later?
4. Shall we go for a drive for a change?
5. Won't you have another cup of tea?
6. Would you care for something to drink?
7. We are having a party this Saturday.
8. I am to meet him this evening.
9. The wall is about to collapse.
動詞の研究（現在完了）
1. I have just finished the job. （完了）
2. He has gone on a trip to Hawaii. （結果）
3. He has lived in several countries so far. （経験）
4. She has lived in Japan for two years. （継続）
現在完了の注意点
1. He left the room just now.
  He has just left the room.
2. She lived in Japan for two years.
  She has lived in Japan for two years.
3. When did you come?
  How long have you been here?
動詞の研究（過去完了・大過去）
1. I met her for the first time yesterday. I had never met her before.
2. Until he succeeded, he had tried at many times.
動詞の研究（未来完了）
1. I will have finished reading this book before you come back.
2. I will have seen the movie four times if I see it again.
3. I will have lived in this town for six months by next month.
【練習】
1. 訳し分けよ。
  Tell me when he will come back.
  Tell me when he comes back.
2. 訳し分けよ。
  I have just been to the station to see him off.
  I have been to America twice.
  He has gone to America on business.
3. He has been dead for five years. （次のものを主語にして書き換えよ）
  It ...
  Five years ...
4. I was told that the bus ( leave ) five minutes earlier. （適切な形に）
動詞の研究（受動態）……次の各文を受動態に書き換えよ。
1. He gave me a birthday present.
2. Everyone laughed at me.
3. Foster parents have looked after her.
4. They will finish the task in one and half hours.
by以外を使う受動態……適切な前置詞を入れよ。
1. He was surprised (　　) her remarks.
2. I am interested (　　) astronomy.
3. The glass was filled (　　) water.
4. He was killed (　　) the traffic accident.
5. I got caught (　　) a shower on my way home.
6. I got hurt (　　) the leg.
7. A policeman was shot (　　) a gun.
8. As time went on, he grew tired (　　) watching TV.
be known のパターン
1. The singer is known (　　) everybody.
2. The tree is known (　　) the fruit it bears.
3. The Japanese are known (　　) a diligent people.
知覚動詞・使役動詞の受動態
1. We never heard him speak ill of others.（受動態にせよ）
2. He made me work hard.（同上）
命令文の受動態
1. Do the task at once. （受動態にせよ）
「Sは〜と言われている」のパターン
1. He is said to be very handsome. （Itを主語にして書き換えよ）
2. He is said to have been very handsome. （同上）
3. He was said to be very handsome. （同上）
4. He was said to have been very handsome. （同上）
【練習】Sheを主語にして書き換えよ。
1. It is said that she is ill in bed.
2. It is said that she was ill in bed last week.
3. It is said that she has been ill in bed since last Saturday.
4. It was said that she was ill in bed.
5. It was said that she had been ill in bed for a week.
目的語の研究（動名詞・不定詞）
1. She finished doing her homework.
  I gave up smoking ten years ago.
  When the boss came in, they stopped talking.
  * He stopped to talk to her with a stern look on his face. （意味の違いに注意）
2. I enjoyed talking with her the other day.
  He practiced dancing all day long.
3. I regret having said so. (I regret saying so.)
4. He denies having promised to do so. (He denies promising to do so.)
5. Don't forget to drop me a line when you reach there.
  I'll never forget seeing him.
6. I must remember to see her.
  I remember seeing her.
7. I tried to catch up with him, but in vain.
  I tried turning on the switch to see if it would work.
mind 〜ing（意味上の主語については後出）
1. "Would you mind opening the window?" "No, not at all."
2. "Would you mind my opening the window?" "No, not at all."
「避ける」系の動詞
1. I avoided meeting him because he always bored me.
2. I narrowly escaped being punished.
3. I cannot help laughing at him, because he keeps on making stupid mistakes. (I cannot but laugh at him, 〜.)
need の問題
1. This camera needs fixing.
2. This camera needs to be fixed.
形容詞の研究（用法・語順）
1. Look at that tall girl. （修飾用法）
  He is a man fluent in speech.
  The US is a rich country.
  China is a country rich in mineral resources.
  The sleeping baby is very pretty.
  Look at the baby sleeping in the bed.
2. My girlfriend is very tall. （叙述用法→必ずCになる）
  It is too hot today.
  The problem is so difficult that it isn't easy to solve.
  He was so embarrassed that he couldn't say a word.
certain の問題
1. It is certain that you will regret it someday.
2. I'm certain about his safety.
3. I read the episode in a certain book.
形容詞相当語句の研究（不定詞の形容詞的用法）
1. I have much to write today in my diary. （V-O型）
  Please lend me something to write with.
  Please lend me something to write on.
2. The only thing for you to do is to apologize to her for what you've done to her. （意味上の主語つき）
3. She is not a person to deceive others. （同格型）
  He is the last person to learn his lesson.
形容詞相当語句の研究（分詞形容詞／Cとなる分詞）
1. A rolling stone gathers no moss.
2. A burnt child dreads the fire.
3. He remained studying despite the noise from the street.
4. He looked worried as he read the letter from her.
5. We left the fire burning to keep wolves away from us.
6. I saw the man coming out of the house.
7. I heard my name called from behind.
8. Their poor performance made the audience bored.
9. I had a wisdom tooth pulled out by the dentist.
【練習】かっこ内の動詞を適切な形にせよ。
1. She sat [ surround ] by several small children.
2. She came [ run ] with tears in her eyes.
3. I set the machine [ go ].
形容詞相当語句の研究（関係代名詞）
1. Do you know the name of the man who invented the steam engine?
2. A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.
3. The man whom I thought to be my friend betrayed me.
  The man who I thought was my friend betrayed me.
4. A toy is an object which children use to play with.
5. The house whose roof you can see over there is mine.
6. Food that is too sweet is bad both for the tooth and the health.
7. Look at a boy and a dog that are coming our way.
8. Shakespeare is the greatest dramatist that has ever lived.
9. He is the last person that betrays his friend.
10. He was the only person that I could rely on for help.
11. Who that is sane can believe such nonsense?
形容詞相当語句の研究（関係副詞）
1. This is the town where the philosopher was born. (This is the town. / The philosopher was born there.)
  This is the town in which the philosopher was born. (This is the town. / The philosopher was born in the town.)
2. The village where he lives is famous for its production of patatoes. (The village is famous for its production of patatoes. / He lives there.)
  The village in which he lives is famous for its production of patatoes. (The village is famous for its production of patatoes. / He lives in the village.)
3. I remember the day when I first met you. (I remember the day. / I first met you then.)
  I remember the day on which I first met you. (I remember the day. / I first met you on the day.)
4. The time will come when you will repent of it.
5. The reason why he quit the company was that his salary was too small.
6. Explain the reason why the stars cannot be seen in the daytime.
【参考】関係詞の継続用法
1. There were few passengers, who escaped without serious injury.
  (cf.) There were few passengers who escaped without serious injury.
2. He proposed to the young lady, who didn't love him at all.
3. He said nothing to the woman, who had been impolite to him.
4. I can't solve the problem, which is very difficult.
5. I said nothing, which made him still more angry.
6. I did the laundry until afternoon, when a friend dropped in on me.
7. The earth, which is round, was once thought to be flat.
形容詞相当語句の研究（同格の接続詞that／同格のof）
1. The news that he had passed away was a great shock to me. （同格の接続詞that）
  (cf.) The news that he brought was a great shock to me.
2. I have a dream of becoming an English teacher. （同格のof）
  There is not much hope of his recovery from his illness.
【練習】
1. There was a rumor that the UFO had been seen.
2. Some people hold a theory that smoking is a cause of cancer.
3. Democracy is based on the idea that all men are created equal.
4. I have a feeling that I've met him somewhere before.
5. A sudden fear seized her that someone was following her.
副詞の研究
1. Do it immediately. （時）
2. I don't want to be in this room any longer. I want to go somewhere. （場所）
3. He didn't show up on time. Therefore, I left. （理由）
4. I often walk to the library. （回数・頻度）
5. I like this picture much. （量）
  I like this picture very much. （程度）
6. They lived happily. （状態）
  ……その他、動詞や形容詞、他の副詞を修飾するものはすべて副詞である。
不定詞の副詞的用法
1. You should leave now to catch the last train.
  - He went to Germany in order to learn German.
  - He repeated her words so as to keep them in mind.
2. He grew up to be a fine young man.
  - I tried to persuade Sam to give up his plan, only to fail.
  - The reckless men climbed the mountain in bad weather never to return.
3. I'm happy to see you.
4. He must be losing his mind to act like that.
5. This puzzle is easy to solve.
6. To hear him speak Chinese, you may think him to be a Chinese.
【練習】和訳せよ。
1. I kept quiet so as not to disturb her.
2. She felt relieved to hear the news.
3. He went abroad with a view to learning fine art never to return.
4. He can't be a scholar not to know a thing as simple as that.
5. I woke up to find myself lying in a bed.
程度の副詞の語順（次の文のtallを与えられた副詞で強調せよ）
"He is a tall man."
1. very →
2. so →
3. as →
4. too →
5. such →
6. What →
7. How →
【文法用語】
- 「単文」→S+Vの組み合わせ1つで一文となっているもの。
- 「重文」→S+Vの組み合わせが2つ以上あり、等位接続詞（and, or, but）でつながれているもの（*理由のfor、「だから」のsoも等位接続詞だが、"並列"感覚は薄い）。
- 「複文」→S+Vの組み合わせが2つ以上あり、従位接続詞（when, if, as, that…など上記以外の接続詞）でつながれているもの。
程度構文の複雑化
1. He is so tall as to touch the ceiling. （程度の副詞句と組み合わせる）
2. This book is so difficult that I can't understand it. （程度の副詞節と組み合わせる）
3. He has three times as many books as I.
4. The area is too dangerous for a girl to walk alone.
5. Bob was such a lovely baby that I couldn't help smiling at him.
程度構文の書き換え（so 〜 that 〜構文を使って書き換えよ）
1. She was too young to understand what had happened to her.
2. The rock is too heavy for me to lift.
3. The house is large enough for our family of four to live in.
4. He was so kind as to help me.
【練習】和訳せよ。
1. You are old enough to act more prudently.
2. I couldn't save enough money to buy the product.
3. No one is too busy to find time to read.
4. He is wise enough not to do such a thing.
5. He was not so foolish as to believe such nonsense.
分詞構文（副詞句）
1. Seeing the policeman, he took to his heels.
  - When he saw a policeman, he took to his heels.
2. Seen from a distance, the rock looks like a human face.
  - When it is seen from distance, the rock looks like a human face.
3. Having heard it twice, she didn't show much interest in his story.
  - As she had heard it twice, she didn't show much interest in his story.
4. Frightened by the noise, the birds flew away.
  - As they were frightened by the noise, the birds flew away.
5. Working together for years, they seldom talk to each other.
  - Though they have been working together for years, they seldom talk to each other.
6. Some books, read carelessly, will do more harm than good.
  - Some books, if they are read carelessly, will do more harm than good. （挿入句）
7. He left home at eight, arriving there at noon. （追加型）
  - He left home at eight, and arrived there at noon.
8. The girl, smiling gracefully, offered her seat to the man.
分詞構文発展（否定形／beingの省略／受け身）
1. Not knowing what to do, he just stood, doing nothing.
2. Never having been there, I had difficulty finding my way.
3. Unable to run further, he dropped out of the race.
4. Compared with her sister, she is not so sociable.
独立不定詞（副詞句）
1. To begin with, he is still in his teens.
2. To be frank with you, I hate the very sight of her.
3. To tell the truth, the mere sight of him gets on my nerves.
4. To do him justice, he is not without some good points.
5. To make a long story short, these species went extinct.
6. My car got a flat tire. To make matters worse, it started to rain.
7. She speaks French, not to speak of English.
  = She speaks French, not to mention English.
  = She speaks French, to say nothing of English.
8. Needless to say, nobody has the right to hurt others.
9. He is learned, to be sure, but he is lacking in common sense.
独立分詞構文（副詞句）
1. Generally speaking, the Japanese tend to act in groups.
2. Considering his age, he looks very young.
3. Talking of politics, have you heard of the rumor concerning the President?
4. Judging from his appearance, he must be from Europe.
5. Taking his youth into consideration, we might as well make allowances of his mistakes.
withを使った付帯状況（副詞句）
1. He stood there with a cap in his hand.
2. Don't speak with your mouth full.
3. The dog came rushing to me with its tail wagging.
4. She sat watching TV with her legs crossed.
5. I can't concentrate on my report with everyone else shouting and laughing.
6. “I'm going all the way to Detroit,” said the man, a rather thin man with small black eyes filled with tears from the cold wind.
7. Ever since he was robbed with a gun eighteen months ago, he always traveled with his gun under the seat.
使役動詞・知覚動詞発展（受動態にせよ）
1. She made me go there against my will.
2. He made me take care of my little brother.
3. I heard a car stop right in front of my house.
4. Nobody noticed him leave the room.
不定詞発展（時制のコントロール／句と節の書き換え）
1. He seems to be rich.
  →It seems that he is rich.
2. He seemed to be rich.
  →It seemed that he was rich.
3. He seems to have been rich when young. （to have + p.p. の形を「完了不定詞」という）
  →
4. He seemed to have been rich when young.
  →
【練習】複文にせよ。
1. He is believed to have invented the device.
2. He was said to have been married.
3. There seemed to have been an accident around here.
動名詞発展（時制のコントロール／句と節の書き換え）
1. He is proud of living in a large house.
  →He is proud that he lives in a large house.
2. He was proud of living in a large house.
  →He was proud that he lived in a large house.
3. He is proud of having won the game.
  →
4. He is proud of his daughter having won the game. （意味上の主語については後出）
  →
5. He was proud of his daughter having won the game.
  →
完了不定詞発展（意図・願望系）
1. I intended to have come earlier.
2. I wished to have won the prize.
不定詞発展（be to-inf.）
1. My dream is to be an astronaut. （標準形）
2. He is to be back here at 3:00. （予定）
3. You are to go there at once. （義務）
4. A smoker are to smoke only in this section. （可能）
5. Mr. Obama was to be the first black president in the USA. （運命）
6. If you are to master English, you should say, read and write much in English. （意図）
不定詞発展（重要熟語）
1. I happened to see John in the city hall.
2. She has come to love reading.
  - They got to know each other slowly.
  - My sister recently learned to read Kanji.
3. He failed to pass in the examination.
4. He is sure to succeed.
  (cf.) He is sure of his success.
5. He is, so to speak, a grown-up child.
6. Knowledge of English enabled him to communicate with the people.
動名詞発展（重要熟語）
1. I'm looking forward to seeing you soon.
2. She is used to living abroad.
3. I cannot help consenting to his opinion.
4. There is no telling when another major earthquake will hit the city.
5. This is the university of my own choosing.
6. Left alone, the boy felt like crying.
7. I make it a rule to keep a diary every day.
  = I make a point of keeping a diary every day.
8. In learning a foreign language, you must be slow and steady.
9. On hearing the news, she turned pale.
10. Besides being brave, he is intelligent.
11. Life is hard, but it is worth living.
12. I never look at this picture without being reminded of my late father.
13. What do you say to having a day off next Monday?
  = How about having a day off next Monday?
14. I came close to being run over by a car.
15. The car was on the point of running into the pole.
16. I object to being treated like a child.
  (cf.) I object to her being treated like a child.
17. He went abroad with a view to learning English.
18. When it comes to speaking English, he is second to none.
主語の研究（意味上の主語）
1. It is difficult for the elderly to learn anything by heart. （既出）
  (cf.) It is very kind of you to take the trouble to come all the way to meet me.
2. There was nothing for me to do but lie watching TV.
3. Do you mind opening the window?
  Do you mind my opening the window?
4. He is proud of his father's being famous. （既出）
  He is proud of his father having been famous before.
5. I hate my mother's interfering with my affair.
6. Night coming on, all of them went home.
7. All things considered, what he did was not all bad.
8. Weather permitting, why not go on a picnic tomorrow?
9. It being fine, we decided to go swimming in the lake.
10. There being nothing special to do, I spent my time watching television.
11. The party over, everyone was on his way home by twos and threes.
主語の研究（無生物主語）
1. A previous engagement prevents me from accepting your kind invitation to dinner.
2. His knowledge of English enabled him to learn German with ease.
3. The rain forced them to call off the game.
4. Poverty drove him to theft.
5. What causes you to think so?
6. Astonishing deprived him of speech for a moment.
7. His carelessness cost him a broken leg.
8. This picture always reminds me of my happy school days.
9. A few minutes' walk will take you to the museum.
10. The mere idea of having to see him makes me shudder.
11. Her look shows that she is in love with you.
12. The next morning found the poor boy lying dead on the street.
13. Another fifty years will see the rapid progress of China in economy.
【練習】自然な日本語で和訳せよ。
1. Failure in business drove him to sell his residence.
2. The job will make him independent of his parents.
3. A glance told me that she was not satisfied at all.
4. My pride does not allow me to ask any favor of a man like him.
5. Experience tells that success is due more to zeal than to ability.
6. Her father's death obliged her to give up going on to college.
7. What in the world gives him so unrealistic an idea like that?
助動詞の研究（will）
1. I will have him call you when he gets back.
2. Will you help me with my work?
  - Please help me with my work, will you?
3. Won't you have another cup of coffee?
4. A drowning man will catch at a straw. （修正）
5. This window will not open. （現在の強い意志）
助動詞の研究（shall）
1. Shall I show you another one?
2. Shall we go to the movie?
  - Let's go to the movie, shall we?
3. Don't move, or you shall die. （話者の意思）
4. He shall have my fortune when I die.
助動詞の研究（would）
1. I thought everyone would agree with me. （時制の一致）
2. She would often sit for hours doing nothing. （過去の習慣）
3. He would not speak a word though I tried hard to get him to. （過去の強い意志）
4. Would you open the window?
5. Would you like some coffee?
6. You would never know how much I care about you.
助動詞の研究（should）
1. Children should be taught to speak the truth. （義務・当然）
2. I should have come earlier. I missed the train. （should + have + p.p.）
3. It is strange that it should snow at this time of the year. （emotional "should"）
4. He insisted that we should comply with the regulations. （提案・主張・要求の内容）
助動詞の研究（can）
1. "Can it be true?" "No, it cannot be true."
2. She was here until just a while ago, so she cannot have gone so far yet.
助動詞の研究（may／may well 〜, may as well 〜, might as well A as B）
1. May I trouble you to shut the door?
  — Yes you may. / No, you mustn't.
2. He may or may not pass the exam. God only knows.
3. Seeing that he hasn't turned up yet, something may have happened to him.
4. He may well be proud of his daughter. She graduated from college with honors.
5. You have a fever. You may as well stay in bed.
6. You might as well throw your money away as lend it to him.
7. May god bless you! （祈願のmay）
助動詞の研究（must）
1. We must conserve our energy and natural resources to survive on the earth.
  You don't have to apologize each time you make a mistake.
2. She looks pale. She must be ill.
3. It must have been very tough to live without electricity in those days.
助動詞の研究（need）
1. We need not be in a hurry, as we have plenty of time.
  (cf.) We don't need to be in a hurry, as we have plenty of time.
2. You need not have come in such a hurry.
助動詞の研究（dare）
1. I dared not object to his proposal.
  (cf.) I didn't dare to object to his proposal.
2. How dare you talk to me like that?
3. I dare say he is in his early twenties.
助動詞の研究（ought to-inf.）……ought to はすべてshouldで置き換えることができる。
1. You ought to know better at your age.
2. You ought not to hurt others' feelings.
3. I ought to have been more careful.
4. I ought not to have told him a lie.
5. I ought to catch the last train if I leave now.
助動詞の研究（used to-inf.）
1. In those days I used to take a walk in this neighborhood.
  (cf.) I am used to taking exams, for I'm a student.
  (cf.) I would often sit up late at night reading a book.
2. This river used to be clean.
助動詞の過去形（婉曲用法）……いつの話をしているかに注意！
1. Would you open the window? （既出）
2. He often loses his temper. He could get angry about anything.
3. Take this umbrella. It could rain heavily this afternoon.
4. It might be said that he is the best scholar in the field.
  ……そもそもcould以外に、ただの過去を表わす用法はない。
【練習】かっこを埋めよ。かっこ内の語は適切な形に。
1. You shall have cookies if you behave yourself.
2. "Would you mind my smoking?" "I'd rather you wouldn't."
3. It is significant that people should take exercise on a regular basis.
4. Let's get together and have a good time one of these days, (　　) (　　) ?
5. His performance was excellent. You should ( see ) it.
仮定法の研究（直説法と仮定法／「もし」の使い方には2種類ある／仮定法とは動詞の問題）
1. If I have enough money someday, I will by the car. （直説法現在）
  If I had enough money, I could buy the car. （仮定法過去）
2. If it is fine tomorrow, we will play baseball. （直説法現在）
  If it were fine today, we would play baseball. （仮定法過去）

【整理】

いつの内容か	条件節のかたち（「たら」「れば」の部分）	帰結（結論部）のかたち
現在のこと	動詞は過去形（be動詞は常にwere）	would (could, might…) + 原形
過去のこと	had + p.p.	would (could, might…) + have + p.p.

上段は条件節に過去形を使うので「仮定法過去」、下段は条件節に had + p.p. を使うので「仮定法過去完了」と呼ぶ。
内容と呼び方のズレに注意！

【練習】和訳しなさい。
1. I would make friends with him if he were honest.
2. If he were here now, I would be a lot happier.
仮定法の研究（仮定法過去完了）
1. If I had had enough money, I could have bought the car.
2. If I had left home earlier, I could have caught the train.
【練習】仮定法を使って書き換えなさい。
1. As I don't know her address, I can't write to her.
2. As I didn't know her address, I couldn't write to her.
【練習】いつの話かをよく考えて和訳しなさい。
1. If I had taken the doctor's advice, I would be recovering now.
2. If I had worked hard in my youth, my life would be easier.
3. If you had married him, you might be happier.
4. If I hadn't met with the car accident, I wouldn't suffer from this headache.
5. If you had made sufficient preparations, you could answer my questions.
【練習】かっこ内を適切な形にしなさい。
1. If I were you, I ( will look ) for a new job.
2. If she had told the truth, things ( will change ).
3. If I had entered the college last year, I ( will be ) a sophomore now.
【練習】すべての動詞部分に対して、(1)直説法 / 仮定法どちらを使っているか、(2)いつのことを言っているか分析せよ。
1. If I had known you were in hospital, I would have gone to visit you.
2. If I had been diligent when I was young, I would be happier now.
仮定法発展（〜がなければ／〜がなかったら）…… there is 構文を使わない。
1. If it were not for your help, we would not succeed.
  = Without your help, we would not succeed.
  = But for your help, we would not succeed.
2. If it had not been for your help, we couldn't have succeeded.
  = Without your help, we couldn't have succeeded.
  = But for your help, we couldn't have succeeded.
仮定法発展（倒置によるifの省略）
1. Were he alive, I would inform him of my success. (= If he were alive, 〜)
2. Were it not for air and water, any creature could not live.
3. Had he cut down on his cigarettes, he would have lived longer.
4. Had it not been for his advice, I would still be in trouble.
仮定法発展（接続詞ifの代用）……「仮定する」「与える」系の動詞を分詞構文にして用いる。
1. Suppose you had seen her, what would you have done?
2. Supposing no one had been there, what would have happened to her?
3. Providing you got one million yen, what would you spend it on?
4. Granted that his house were old, I would want to buy it.
仮定法発展（if節の代用）……助動詞の過去形に目を留めるのがポイント。
1. To hear him speak English, you would think him an Englishman.
2. A true friend wouldn't have acted that way.
3. I wouldn't do that in your position.
4. With a little more time, I could have finished the task.
5. I would do anything for my children.
6. Ten years ago, no one could have believed in his new theory.
7. I ran to the station; otherwise I would have missed my train.
【練習】かっこを埋め、指示のあるものは書き換えよ。
1. But for air, we could not live. （ifを使って）
2. But for the doctor's treatment, she would have died. （ifを使って）
3. (　　) (　　) not for your help, he would fail in his business.
4. (　　) a little more patience, you could have achieved your goal.
【練習】和訳せよ。
1. A Japanese would act in another way.
2. Had she not worn her make-up, she might have been taken for a man.
3. Computer networks bring people together who would otherwise never meet.
4. It would have been wiser to leave the matter untouched.
5. Born in better times, he would have become famous.
6. The same thing, happening during the rush hour, would amount to disaster.
7. He did as he was told; otherwise he would have been in trouble.
仮定法の研究（仮定法未来）……"if 〜 should 〜"は「万一」、"if 〜 were to-inf. 〜" は「仮に」と訳す。
1. If it should rain tomorrow, we will not go out.
2. If the sun were to rise in the west, I would not break my word.
3. Should she fail again, she might give up her plan.
【練習】和訳せよ。
1. If anyone should call on me while I'm out, please have him call me at this number.
2. If the teacher were to know that, she would get very angry.
仮定法の研究（定型構文）……仮定法の部分は時制の一致を受けないことにも注意。
1. He talks as if he knew everything.
  He talked as if he knew everything.
2. He talks about Australia as though he had been there many times.
3. I wish I were as tall as he.
  I wished I were as tall as he, but I don't now.
4. If only he were alive!
5. It is time you went to bed.
  It is about time we called it a day.
  It is high time I had my hair cut.
【練習】かっこ内を適切な形にせよ。
1. She acted as if she ( be ) his wife.
2. If only you ( tell ) the truth earlier!
3. He wished he ( can speak ) English fluently.
4. Isn't it about time someone more suitable ( be elected ) to the post?
仮定法発展（仮定法現在の特殊用法）……提案・主張・要求
1. I suggested to them that they put off the meeting.
  I suggested to them that they should put off the meeting.
2. He insisted that the money be paid at once.
  He insisted that the money should be paid at once.
3. They demanded that the prisoners be released.
  They demanded that the prisoners should be released.
仮定法発展（仮定法現在の特殊用法）……判断文
1. It is natural that everyone be treated as equal.
  It is natural that everyone should be treated as equal.
2. It is desirable that everyone be well dressed at the party.
  It is desirable that everyone be well dressed at the party.
【練習】和訳せよ。
1. He proposed that the plan be put into practice at once.
2. It is requested that a vote be taken.
3. It was quite natural that she get angry.
4. It is strange that he should be mistaken for me.
比較基本（形容詞・副詞の研究）
1. Japan is about as large as California.
2. He is not so ambitious as he used to be. （否定文）
3. He earns three times as much money as I do. （倍数表現）
  = He earns three times more money than I do.
4. She is two years younger than I. （差の表現）
  = She is younger than I by two years.
5. I read as many books on politics as I could. （as 〜 as S can）
6. He tried to get the work finished as quickly as possible. （as 〜 as possible）
7. I consider this matter far more complicated than the previous one. （比較級の強調）
8. Nothing is so refreshing as taking a shower after working out a sweat. （否定＋比較→最上級の意味に）
  = Nothing is more refreshing than taking a shower after working out a sweat.
9. No other student in the class is smarter than he. （He is smarter ……で書き換えよ）
10. I have never been happier. （否定＋比較＋現在完了→今が一番）
11. He is three years senior to me. （thanではなくtoを使うもの）
  He is junior to me by three years.
  This is much superior to that in terms of quality.
  I admit I'm inferior to you.
【練習】和訳せよ。
1. We need to invite someone as famous as he as our guest.
2. They adopted an idea not so practical as the one I had proposed.
3. Nothing is more depressing than having bad grades on the exam.
4. Nowhere in Japan is there a mountain so high as Mt. Everest.
比較発展
1. Math is less interesting than English to me. （劣性比較）
2. He is more clever than wise. （同一物中の比較）
  (cf.) He is cleverer than you.
3. He is as diligent as any student in the class. （as 〜 as any …）
4. There were as many as three hundred people present in the conference. （as many as 〜）
5. He is not so much a statesman as a politician. （not so much A as B）
6. She has intelligence as well as beauty. （A as well as B）
7. What takes you only five minutes will take me as many hours. （as many 〜）
【練習】和訳せよ。
1. She spends as much as a thousand dollars a month on her clothes.
2. Don't scold this boy. He is as young as three years old.
3. She is more tall than thin.
比較を用いた熟語
1. She became more and more anxious as time went by.
2. His songs are as popular as ever.
3. He is as good as dead.
4. He cannot so much as write his own name.
5. He sometimes goes so far as to say that women are inferior to men.
6. The boys were swimming in the pond like so many frogs.
7. He can speak German, much more English.
8. He cannot speak English, still less German.
  = He cannot speak English, let alone German.
最上級
1. New York is the largest city in America.
  - No other city in America is so large as New York.
  - No other city in America is larger than New York.
  - New York is larger than any other city in America.
2. Of all the runners, he is by far the fastest. （最上級の強調）
3. The wisest man sometimes makes a mistake. （誇張表現）
4. This lake is deepest at this point. （同一物中の比較）
【練習】和訳せよ。
1. The day is getting longer and longer day by day.
2. More and more people travel abroad these days.
3. This lake is deepest at this point.
4. I haven't the slightest idea of what he has in mind.
the + 比較級
1. 二者の比較
  1. "Which is the younger of the two, Ann or Cathy?"
  2. A teacher must encourage the poorer students.
2. 「その分、より〜」のニュアンス（この場合のtheは副詞）
  1. The more you learn, the more you improve.
  2. The lunch tasted all the better because I was very hungry.
【練習】和訳せよ。
1. The more one has, the more one wants.
2. I like him all the more because he has faults.
3. The more time I spent preparing for the exam, the less worried I became about it.
no more than 〜 / no less than 〜
1. I have no more than ten dollars with me.
  (cf.) I have not more than ten dollars with me.
2. I have no less than one thousand dollars with me.
  (cf.) I have not less than one thousand dollars with me.
no more 〜 than … / no less 〜 than …
1. A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.
  A whale is not a fish any more than a horse is.
2. Physics is no less difficult than math to me.
【練習】和訳せよ。
1. You are no more young than I.
2. No less than twenty thousand students were in the auditorium.
形容詞節の研究（関係詞発展）
1. There's a man wants to talk to you. （主格の関係代名詞の省略）
2. I am not the man I was when you saw me first. （同上）
3. Can you think of anyone we know who is as suited to the job as he? （二重関係節）
前置詞＋関係代名詞（関係詞発展）
1. He repented of the crime. He was sentenced to ten years in prinson for it.
  He repents of the crime for which he was sentenced to ten years in prinson.
  He repented of the crime, for which he was sentenced to ten years in prinson.
2. I think language is a useful means. People can communicate with other people by it.
  I think language is a useful means by which people can communicate with other people.
  I think language is a useful means, by which people can communicate with other people.
3. We were amazed at the ease with which he solved the math problem.
4. We often fail to realize the extent to which we depend on others.
5. The casual way in which he lied embarrassed me.
名詞節の研究（関係詞what）
1. What is vital is the process, not the result.
2. I am not what I used to be any longer. （人格）
  My parents have made me what I am.
  This town is not what it was ten years ago. （状態）
3. He is what we call a genius.
4. He is a good scholar, and what is better, a good teacher.
  He went out of work, and what was worse, he was taken ill.
5. What with fatigue and what with worries, he fell ill.
6. Reading is to the mind what food is to the body.
7. （難） After ten years of what I thought to be a calm life, the catastrophe happened.
8. （難） "Selfish" is what we call people when they are doing what they want to do, rather than what we want them to do.
【練習】和訳せよ。
1. What is right does not always lead to good.
2. Do what you think is right.
3. He gave me a book which he thought I ought to read.
4. There was not anything he desired which he was denied.
5. A man's worth lies not so much in what he has as in what he is.
6. Things are not always what they seem.
7. Given the circumstances under which he was found, it looks like it was an accident.
名詞節の研究（複合関係詞）
1. Whoever wants it can take it.
  Whomever you like can be invited.
2. You can do whatever you like to.
3. Take whichever pleases you better.
副詞節の研究（複合関係詞）
1. Don't pay attention to him, whatever he may say.
  (cf.) Don't pay attention to whatever he may say.
2. Keep calm, whatever happens.
  Keep calm, no matter what happens.
3. Whatever his problems, he has no right to behave like that.
  No matter what his problems may be, he has no right to behave like that.
4. Whichever side wins, it makes no difference to me.
5. You may park your car wherever you like. （場所を表わす副詞節）
  Wherever you go, I'm always thinking about you. （譲歩を表わす副詞節）
6. However hard she tries, she is unlikely to succeed as an actress.
  No matter how hard she tries, she is unlikely to succeed as an actress.
関係詞発展（関係代名詞as, but, than）
1. My girlfriend has the same hairdo as the new singer has. （the same → as）
  You should choose such friends as can benefit you. （such → as）
  As many men as came were arrested. （as → as）
  As is often the case with him, he was late for school today. （内容を先取りするas）
2. There is no rule but has some exceptions. （but = that 〜 not）
  There are few students in our class but like English.
3. Make sure that you don't spend more money than is necessary.　（比較級 → than）
  There are more problems than we can solve.
【練習】かっこを埋めて和訳せよ。
1. He is such a man (　　) everyone looks up to.
2. (　　) is often pointed out, the Japanese don't express themselves among strangers.
3. Who is there but makes mistakes?
4. I have more e-mail (　　) I can read in an hour.
副詞発展（目的構文）
1. I kept silent in order not to disturb him. （in order to-inf.）
2. She left home earlier than usual so as to avoid the rush hour. （so as to-inf.）
3. She studied hard so that she could get into the university. （so that S + V）
  = She studied hard that she could get into the university.
  = She studied hard so she could get into the university.
4. I wrote down his phone number lest I should forget it. （lest 〜 should 〜）
5. Take your umbrella with you in case it rains. （in case S + V）
6. He economized on everything for the sake of buying a car. （for the sake of 〜）
7. She went to Paris with a view to studying art. （with a view to 〜）
8. I find it ridiculous not to try anything for fear of making mistakes. （for fear of 〜）
副詞発展（程度・結果構文）
1. The problem is so difficult that I cannot solve it. （程度と結果の両方で訳せることを確認せよ）
  He is so kind and gentle as to be liked by everybody. （同上）
  The book was easy enough to read in a short time. （同上）
2. I am not so tired that I can't continue to work.　（結果では訳せないことを確認せよ→程度が基本、結果はその発展形ということです）
3. He wanted the job done as quickly as possible, so that I finished it in half the usual time. （カンマを打った so that 〜には結果の用法しかない）
4. Her embarrassment was such that she coudln't know what to say. （suchは単独でも使える）
5. （難） There is no problem so difficult but we can solve it forever. （but = that 〜 not に注意）
【練習】和訳せよ。
1. I read an article so shocking that I could hardly believe to be true.
2. He is not so foolish but he can understand it.
3. So diligent a worker he was that he succeeded.
副詞発展（様態）
1. When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
2. Why don't you leave it as it is?
3. Man is so created that he thinks and speaks.
4. The device is so made as to meet any emergency.
副詞発展（原因・理由）
1. As he saw a policeman, he ran away. （節）
  Seeing a policeman, he ran away. （分詞構文→句）
2. That man must have been beside himself because he made such a foolish dicision. （節）
  That man must have been beside himself to make such a foolish dicision. （不定詞→句）
3. A man cannot be said to be wealthy just because he is well-dressed. （主節の一部にかかる用法→becauseにだけある）
4. She took part in the activity, partly because she could see him.
5. Since he stayed up all night, he must be sleepy by now.
6. I can't trust him, for he often tells a lie to justify himself. （理由のforは必ず追加型）
7. Now that I've got the work done, I can relax for a while.
8. Men differ from brutes in that they can think and speak.
9. Thanks to his advice, I was able to carry out the task.
10. The game was called off on account of rain.
副詞発展（譲歩）
1. If he is not very smart, he is very diligent.
2. Even if you are learned, you must not despise the uneducated.
3. You must go there at once, whether you like it or not.
4. Whatever may happen, you must not be discouraged.
  No matter what may happen, you must not be discouraged.
5. However much advice we give him, he wants to have his own way.
6. Whichever way you may take, you can get to the park.
7. Child as he is, he seems to realize the situation.
8. Be it ever so humble, there's no place like home.
【練習】和訳せよ。
1. Whenever you may go there, you'll see him reading.
2. Wherever you may go, you cannot succeed without perseverance.
3. Whoever may say so, I have no intention of believing it.
4. Young as he was, he was equal to the task.
5. No matter how hard you may try, you cannot finish it in just a day or two.
6. Be the matter what it may, we should do our best.
副詞発展（時）
1. I was about to take a shower when the light went out.
2. I had not gone far when it began to rain.
3. I had not walked half an hour when I got tired.
4. The rocket was launched and grew smaller and smaller, until it was impossible to see.
5. It was not until today that the scandal was brought to light.
6. Each time you come across a new word, look it up in your dictionary.
7. The moment he caught sight of me, he turned his back on me.
  The instant she heard the clock go off, she jumped out of bed.
8. He got a letter two weeks after he had been interviewed.
9. I'll never let him in my house as long as I live.
10. No sooner had I sat back and relaxed than my wife asked me to do the chores.
  Scarcely (Hardly) had I sat back and relaxed when (before) my wife asked me to do the chores.
【練習】和訳せよ。
1. As time went by, his health declined.
2. Something must be done before the situation is out of control.
3. It will not be long before you realize your mistake.
4. Why don't you wait until he comes?
5. It is not until we lose health that we realize its value.
6. I read it aloud over and over again, until I learned it by heart.
7. Next time we get together, I'll bring you a nice bottle of wine.
8. On opening the book, I saw it was not worth reading.
9. Be careful in dealing with those drugs.
知識補充（名詞）
1. Let me give you a piece of advice. （知識・情報系の名詞の数え方）
2. I go to the dentist's every six months. （名詞's → 場所）
3. My advice will be of great help to you. （of + 抽象名詞 = 形容詞）
  Do you find that painting of any value?
4. Unfortunately, a young husband and father was killed in the traffic accident. （ひとり？ふたり？）
5. His family is a large one. （数かかたまりか）
  (cf.) His family are all early risers.
  There are many people who speak English in the world.
  (cf.) I regard the Japanese as a great people.
  Ten days is enough for me to get the work finished.
  A hundred dollars is all I can lend to you.
6. I am friends with her. （最低ふたつ必要）
  Let's change trains here.
  I shook hands with none other than President.
7. What do you think of that dress of hers? （this/thatと代名詞の所有格を両立させる方法）
知識補充（冠詞）
1. We are all of an opinion concerning the subject. （ひとつの→同じ）
  Birds of a feather flock together.
2. I pay a visit to him three times a month without fail. （〜につき）
3. A Mr. White came to see you while you were out. （〜さんという人）
4. He is, so to speak, an Edison. （〜のような人）
  He is the Edison of Japan.
5. This time I stayed at the Hilton. （the + 固有名詞）
6. The Smiths are hard to get along with. （〜さん一家）
7. It is often said that the rich are not always happy. （the + 形容詞 → 人びと）
  Artists have an eye for the beautiful. （the + 形容詞 → 抽象名詞）
8. They hired me by the hour. （単位のthe）
9. He pulled me by the arm. （身体部位のthe）
  He patted me on the shoulder.
  He looked me in the eye.
10. The pen is mightier than the sword. （象徴のthe）
11. Much to our surprise, he was elected President. （肩書きが補語→無冠詞）
知識補充（代名詞）
1. She went out late at night by herself. （前置詞 + 代名詞）
  Why don't you do the homework for yourself?
  Strange to say, the door opened of itself.
  He had the room to himself.
  I'd like you to keep secret to yourself.
  The substance is not poisonous in itself.
  He was beside himself with joy over passing the exam.
  He was above himself recently.
2. The population of America is much larger than that of Japan. （that of 〜）
  His speech is that of a gentleman, but his manners are those of a brute.
3. Practice is as important as theory, but we are apt to value the latter and despise the former. （the former と the latter）
4. Health is more important than wealth; this cannot give us so much happiness as that. （this と that）
5. Those who were abused as children often abuse their own children in turn. （those who 〜）
6. I want you to help me with the job, and that immediately. （〜, and that 〜）
7. I bought a new car, and I like it very much. （it と one の違い）
  I need a car, but I cannot afford to buy one.
8. Some stories are interesting and others are not. （Some 〜. Others 〜）
9. I have two brothers; one is in New York and the other in Seattle. （one と the other/the others）
  Of the three people, one is from America and the others are from Canada.
10. Those twins look exactly like each other. （each other と one another）
  The strangers began to talk to one another.
11. To know is one thing and to teach is quite another. （A is one thing. B is another.）
12. （難） If I'm a fool, you're another.
13. I have no other friend than you. （other は than と共に）
14. I visited the doctor every other week. （every other 〜）
  The Olympic Games take place every four years.
15. Either you or I am to blame for it. （either A or B と either 〜）
  There was a policeman on either side of him.
16. Both you and I are not to blame for the accident. （部分否定と全否定）
  Neither you nor I am to blame for accident.
17. I have not read all of these books. （同）
  I have read none of these books.
18. He does nothing but watch TV every day. （nothing but 〜）
  He is nothing but a fool.
  (cf.) He is anything but a fool.
19. I feel, if anything, a little better today. （,if anything,）
20. He is something of an artist. （something of 〜）
【練習】適切なものを選べ。
1. Two miles ( is / are ) a bit too long a distance for an old man to walk.
2. He and I ( am / is / are ) of the same opinion over the issue.
3. Bread and butter ( is / are ) my usual breakfast.
4. A large number of students ( is / are ) present at the rally.
5. The number of foreigners working in Japan ( is / are ) increasing year by year.
6. Not only you but also I ( am / are ) to blame for the mistake.
7. He as well as you ( is / are ) to go.
8. Everything has ( its / their ) own strengths and weaknesses.
知識補充（動詞）
1. He denied himself every luxury. （deny + O + O）
2. She lay on the grass to bathe in the sun. （lie と lay）
  She laid herself on the grass to bathe in the sun.
3. I can't help laughing at the scene. （help）
  Please help yourself to the dictionary on the desk.
知識補充（前置詞）
1. There is something mysterious about him. （気配のabout）
2. There is something wrong with this machine. （問題発生系のwith）
知識補充（倒置）
1. He loves sweets. So does his sister. （So + V + S）
2. I didn't mind, nor did he. （nor と either）
  She isn't rich, and neither am I.
3. Seldom does he drop in on me. （否定語が文頭）
4. In front of me stood a little girl. （副詞・副詞句が文頭）
  Only yesterday did I receive the report.
5. Happy is a man who finds his calling. （補語の強調）
6. So urgent was the matter that they tackled it at once. （so 〜 that 〜構文の強調）
知識補充（強調）
1. Living as I do in a remote village, people seldom visit me. （分詞構文の強調）
  Buried as it was deep in the ground, the treasure was hard to discover.
2. Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well. （at all）
  If you are serious at all, you ought to be working harder.
3. I would be only too glad to accept your kind offer. （only）
4. No civilization ever lasted. （ever）
5. She does look different when she puts on a make-up, doesn't she? （強意のdo）
6. What on earth made her change her attitude? （疑問詞の強調）
  "Who in the world is she?" "I have no idea at all."
7. I know nothing whatever about it. （nothing, anything の強調）
  I don't know anything whatever about it.
8. The man stood right in the middle of my foot. （場所の強調）